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Izinkampani zokugcina izinkampani zokugcina azikho ngokuvamile ngamashini. Zikho ngokuthi abathengi bavala izinkampani futhi bazibuyisa konke okungaphandle kwezo. Amaphadhi wefundament, umthelela wokuphakama kwevoltage, amagaleri weconveyor, amabhambo wecommissioning, nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi sokuqala kwezinkampani zokugcina ziyabuka ngokwesithembiso esiphelile. Le gujida ibhekisela isibonelo sokubhalwa kwezinkinga ngamazwi amabili ukuze amabhambo okuthenga ayakhuluma ngokuthemba kodwa akasayi ngokuzinza.
Sahlukanisa Ukuthenga Kwezinto Ezinamandla Kusukela Ekuthengeni Kwezinto Zokusebenza
Yini okufana nekuthenga kwezinto ezinamandla (capex)
Ukuthenga kwezinto ezikhathini zokusebenza kuyabonisa izinto ezingena kusuka kumthwalo wokusebenza: izikrasha, izikrasha zesikhombisa esisodwa, izihlangothi zokufaka, izithrakcha zesilayidi, nezindawo zokulawula. Isikrasha esishesha sisebenzisa izikrasha zokuqala nezokwesibili, isikhombisa esisodwa, nezitawa zokuhlanganisa njengokuthenga kokuphatha. Lezi zinto zihlukana, zifundiswa, futhi ziyimela ubukhulu bokusebenza nokuhlolwa kwezinye izinkambo zezinhlobo zezinto ezizokusebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuthenga kwe-EPC kubeka lezi zinto zonke kumkhomba omnye wokuthenga okunamandla ukufunda.
Yini okubhalwe kusukela kuthenga kwezinto ezikhathini zokusebenza (opex)
Ukuthenga kwezinto ezikhathini zokusebenza kubonisa zonke izinto okusebenzisa umgqa ukuze usebenze. Amaphetha, idhezile yomkhumbi wokufaka, iziphephelo zokugcina, izihlangothi zokugxila kwezihlangothi zokuhambisa, izilungisi, nokusebenza kubalwa lapha. Abaningi abathenga bakhuluma ngokuthenga kwezinto ezikhathini zokusebenza ngokungafanele ngoba kubonakala kancane ngomnyaka, kodwa ngemva kwezinkulungwane ezintathu ukuthenga kwezinto ezikhathini zokusebenza kusho kahle kubonakala njengokuthenga kwezinto ezikhathini zokusebenza. Ukubhalwa kwezimbili zokuthenga kuzosinda ukuthi umgqa uzobhekwa njengokuthenga okuncane kodwa ukusebenza kwayo akukwazi ukwenziwa.
Kungani ukwahlukaniswa kuyaphambana kusukela ekufundziseni nokuplaneni
Abathengisi nababhekisi bempilo bakhona ngokuhlela ukuthengisa nokusebenzisa ngokuhlela. Ukuthengisa kusiza ekufundziseni kwezinto eziphatha isibonelo; ukusebenzisa kufihla kwi-P&L futhi kubuyekeza i-cost yekhulu yezinto zokugcina ngamandla. Ukwahlukaniswa kuyavumela umsebenzisi wezindawo zokugcina ukubala i-cost yekhulu yezinto zokugcina ngamandla futhi ukugcina lapho ukuthenga kwezinto zokugcina okuqondile noma ukuthenga kwezinto zokusebenzisa okunamuhla kuyabuyela kahle kakhulu. Kuyavumela futhi ukubonwa kwemikhakha emva kwezindawo zokugcina: umgqa owubonakalayo njengomthakathi wamandla kodwa ophakeme kakhulu ngamandla okusebenza nezinto zokugcina kuyabuyela kahle kakhulu kusukela kwezindlela zokusebenza. Ukuphakama kwezindawo zokusebenzisa nezinto zokugcina kuyabuyela kahle kakhulu kusukela kwezindlela zokusebenza. Ukubala ukuthi i-opex iyaphakama kuyasiza ekufundziseni.
Bhala amazwi amaningi wezinto zokusebenzisa
Ukugcina kokuqala nokuthenga kwezinto zokugcina
Isibhakabhaka sesiphakeme sibuyisela isimo esikhulu kwezinkulungwane zonke. Isibhakabhaka sokugqaza esikhulu noma isibhakabhaka se-jaw sisebenzisa amaphakathi okufika, ngelishwa isibhakabhaka se-ZGC esihambisana ngezandla esihlela ukukhokha kwezandla futhi lisivikela isibhakabhaka kusobala kwezandla. Ukukhetha isilinganiso sokugqaza esingafanele lapha kubiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga eziningi emuva kwalokho. Ukuchaza umkhosi wemotara ngokulinganisa ubunzima bemateriali kwezandla yase-Mohs, akalungile ukuchaza ngokulinganisa izindlela zokuzilungisa, kubiza ukuthi isibhakabhaka sesiphakeme siyakhiwa kangako futhi siyabhekwa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuvikela isibhakabhaka sonke kusobala kwezandla kusobala kwezinkinga zokuhlala kwezandla futhi kusobala kwezinkinga zokubuyisela.
Ukuchaza, amaphakathi okuhambisa, nokulandela kwesibhakabhaka
Amasimu amabili—amashini okugcina ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphambuka, amashini okugcina ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphambuka kanye nezikhumba zesikili sezibhalo esizigqamileyo—sithembisa isimo sokugcina nokuthi kubhekwe ngokuphambuka. Izinto ezingakwaziwa ngokuvamile ziyizibhalo zokuhamba kwemithombo, izindawo zokuhambisa, kanye nezilayi zezinkolo zokuhamba kwemithombo ozihambisayo phakathi kwamasimu. Umkhosi wokuproducwa kwe-granite owenziwa ngamathoni angu-250–300 ngohora kufuneka nesikhumba esihlelwe kahle; izikhumba ezincane kakhulu zihambisela umkhosi wonke futhi zihlabe isivinini sokuproducwa ngokushesha. Sibheka ukuhambisa imithombo njengesiqephu sesikhumba, akusiqephu esingaphansi.
Fumana izindleko ezingafihliwe ngaphambi kokuthi zihlabe isibhakabhaka
Umbono, ubumbano lwesikhathi, nokuthi kubhekwe ngokuphambuka
Indawo yokugcina iyaphakathi kwe-concrete okufanele libe yilokho okuphatha ukuzimela nokuthabatha izimali zokuguqula. Umhlaba omubi noma amaphiko amakhulu akubiza ukuthi kwenziwe izindawo zokuhlamba ngaphezulu, futhi lezindleko zokwenzela izindawo zokuhlamba azikwaziwa kumthwalo wokuthenga izinkampani. Ukuthunywa kwamandla amakhulu, izitransefomaya, nezihlakaliso zokuthunywa kwezikhala zidibanisa izindleko ezingaphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwesikhala—ukulungiseka, izahlulo zokuthabatha izimali, nokulungiseka kokuhlelwa kwesikhala—kufuna abasebenzi abanobuchule ukusebenza ngeminyaka. Izinqubo zokusebenzisa amandla kufanele zifanele ne-NFPA 70 kumandla okuthunywa kanye ne-NFPA 652 lapho kukhona izincanda ezinokuthi zibhale. I-ANSI guards zihlalise izinyathelo ezizimela. Ukukhathazeka kwezi zinhlobo ziyabiza ukuthi kwenziwe izinto ezintsha kanye nokuvalelwa kwesikhala.
Amaphetha amasha, amaphetha okugcina, nokulawula izincanda
Amaphakathi okusebenza—amaphepha okuphuma, amaphakathi okugcina, amarotara, nokuthi kubhekwa ngokufanayo—ayagcina ngalinye ilitha ekuseniweyo, kushona kakhulu emithiyini yasekhaya yesilika. Ukuthenga isikhumba sokubeka amaphakathi okusebenza kwanokwakhiwa kuyabulawa ukuthi iphakathi elinye lithi liphumelela ukuthi umgqa uzohlanzwa. Amasistimu okukhala amandla nezinkumbulo zokuvutha zihlanganisa izimpendulo zase-OSHA nezimpendulo zemiphakathi yokuhlanza; ukuzibuyela kuyathatha isibopho sokuthi umgqa uzohlanzwa. Isikhalazo sokwenza izindaba zokuzinikela, esiqondiswayo ngendlela yomthombo wokuzinikela, sibonisa ukuthi amaphakathi okugcina ayagcina kabusha ngaphambi kokuthi aphumelele. Isikhathi sokubuyela kwamarotara nokubhekwa ngokufanayo kufanele kubekwe kumali yokubuyela amaphakathi, akwazi ukuba yisikhathi sokubuyela ngokushesha. Isikhumba sokuzinikela kufanele sibuyekele amaphakathi okugcina nekubhekwa ngokufanayo kubili, akwazi ukuba yilokuqala kuphela.
Isicelo sasekhaya nesikhombiso sesikhathi sokubuyela amaphakathi
Isicelo semgqa yasegranite: umbuzo, indlela yokuzinikela, impela
Umsebenzi wokuphakamisa amathambo emzimba kwi-Xichang wabonakala ngamathambo amhlophe okukhula kwezindawo zokugqibela kanye nokubhekana nezindawo zokufaka isikhundla. Isiphumela esikhethiwe sisikhangeli sesikhundla sokuphakamisa amathambo amhlophe sika-KPC1313 nesikhundla sokuphakamisa amathambo sika-ZGC1250 kanye nezikhundla zesikrini sika-3YKQ2470 ngokuthiwa kwe-EPC. Isikhundla sokuphakamisa amathambo sasemthwakweni kusuka ku-250–300 TPH nesiphumo sokuphakamisa amathambo sasihlukaniswa ku-26–31, 16–26, 13–16, 5–13, kanye ne-1–5 mm. Isifundo sokubhalisa isibalo sasikhona—ukuchaza ukukhula kwamathambo kwi-Mohs scale kule ndawo, akukho isibalo esingaphansi, kuyisibalo esikhulayo kanye nesikhathi sokubuyela imali.
Ukubhalisa isikhundla, ukuchaza ukuthi kungasebenza kahle, nokubhalisa isibalo sokubuyela imali
Qala ngokwenza isibonelo sesite kanye nezifundo zokubaluleka phambi kokuthi ubuyise isibonelo sokukhetha izinkampani, ukuphakama kwemithombo, nokuthi kufuneka kubhekwe ukuthi kune-silica. Sebenzisa lidatha ukuze ubheke izinkampani kanye nezinto ezingaphansi ngokwesibonelo esihle. Emva koko, qala isibonelo sokugcina amasosha okuvumela ukuthi kubhekwe izinto ezingaziwa njengezindawo zomfula okanye ukuguqula kwemithombo. Izisikhwama sezixhumanisi ezinamandla kanye nezindlela zokusebenza zokubhala izinkampani zokuphakama kuzokwenzela ukuthi kungafani ngezimali kanye nezimali zokusebenza ngotonsi, kuzokuvikela isibonelo emva kokuthi izinkampani zizofuna kanye nokuthi kuzokwenzela ukuthi izimali zokusebenza zibe yisibonelo sokuthi ziyasebenza ngokwesibonelo. Ukwenza izinkampani zokuphakama kanye nokuhlanganisa izicelo zokuphakama kuzokwenzela ukuthi kungafani ngezimali emva kokuthi izinkampani zizofuna kanye nokuthi kuzokwenzela ukuthi isikhathi sokuthi izinkampani zizofuna kuzobe ngokwesibonelo.
Isibonelo esihle sokubhala izinkampani zokuphakama sibonisa konke okufuneka kubhishelwe phambi kokuthi inkampani yokuqala iyoshicelwa. Sahlukanisa ukuthi kubhishelwe kanye nokuthi kubhishelwe ngokusebenza, bhalisa izimali eziningi zokubhala izinkampani kanye nezimali zokubhala izinkampani zokuphakama, bhalisa izinkampani ezizokuphakama, kanye nokubonisa ukuthi isibonelo sibonakala ngokwesibonelo sesite. Abathengi abafuna ukuthi bafanele ngale ndlela yokubhala izinto zokubhala kuzobona ukuthi akukho amasosha okubhishelwa kanye nokuthi kuzoba yisibonelo sokuthi izinkampani ziyasebenza ngokwesibonelo ngosuku lwokuqala.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo
Yiziphi izimali ezingaziwa ezinkulu ezikuthinta isibonelo sokubhala izinkampani zokuphakama?
Impendulo: Izindlela zokuthengisa ezingaphansi kubhekisele ku-izindlela zokuthengisa eziningi, njengoko kufanele kwenziwe izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama, izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama, izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama, izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama, nezindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama. Izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama nezindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama ziyadoda kakhulu ukuthi zihlanganise izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama nezindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama. Izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama ziyadoda kakhulu ukuthi zihlanganise izindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama nezindlela zokuthengisa zokuphakama kwezindawo zokuphakama. Ukuthengisa lezi zindlela ngaphambi kokuthengiselwa kwesikhathi sokuthengiselwa kuyasiza ukuthi sibone ukuthi kungani ukuthengiselwa kuyakwenzeka ngokuthengiselwa kwezindawo zokuphakama.
Umbuzo
Kungani kufanele sithengele isikhundla sokuthengiselwa ngokuphakama kanye nesikhundla sokuthengiselwa ngokuphakama?
Impendulo: I-Capex ibhala amasethingi atholakala ngokuthengiswa njengezinkampani, izikrini, nezistrikcha zasezilwane ozokuzisa kuzo ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezitholakala ngokuthengiswa nokubhalwa kwezinto ezitholakala ngokuthengiswa. I-Opex ibhala i-electricity, iziparti zokugcina, izilubricants, nezindlela zokusebenza ozokuzisa kuzo ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezitholakala ngokuthengiswa nokubhalwa kwezinto ezitholakala ngokuthengiswa. Ukuthwalwa kwezi zimbili kusiza umkhakha wokuthenga ukuthola isilinganiso sokuthengiswa ngalenyanga yezinto ezitholakala ngokuthengiswa futhi ukukhangelwa kwezindlela zokuthengiswa. Amaprojekthi amaningi abonakala amnandi kwezinto ezitholakala ngokuthengiswa kodwa abhekana nesiphelo kwezindlela zokusebenza, ngakho ke izibalo zombili kufanele zihlanganiswe ukuze sibone isilinganiso sokuthengiswa ngokuphelele futhi sibone isilinganiso sokubuyela emuva ngokuphelele.
Umbuzo
Ukuthi inkampani yezinkampani iyathinta kanjani ukuthengiswa kwezinkampani zokuthenga?
Impendulo: Inkampani enenhle nge-silica iphinde iphinde isikhumba kwezinkampani zokuthenga, iziroto, nezibhloko zokuthenga, okunika ukuthengiswa kwezinkampani zokuthenga kanye nokungasebenzi. Kuyadinga futhi izifunda ezenhle kanye nezimoto ezenhle kwezinkampani zokuthenga kwezinyangahla. Umkhakha wokuthenga owenziwe ngokubhalwa kwezinkampani zokuthenga kanye nezinyangahla zokuthenga uzosiza ukungabhalwa kwezinkampani zokuthenga. Ukuthi zinkampani zokuthenga zihlanganise nezinkampani zokuthenga zokuthenga kuzosiza ukuthi zibe nesilinganiso sokuthengiswa futhi kuzosiza ukungabhalwa kwezinkampani zokuthenga emva kokuthengiswa kwezinkampani zokuthenga kanye nokusebenza kwezinkampani zokuthenga ngokuphelele.
Umbuzo
Izimboni zezimali zezindawo zokugcina zizokwenzela ukuthi zibe yizindlela zokuphepha?
Impendulo: Izimali ziyakufuna ukuthi zifakele ukuzimisela kwezindlela zokuphepha zezimali zika-OSHA, izindlela zokuphepha zezinkampani zika-ANSI, nezindlela zokuphepha zezimali zika-NFPA zokuphatha amandla nokugcina amafutha ekuphatheni amafutha. Ukuzimisela kwezindlela zokuphepha zika-ISO 9001 zokuphatha ubukhulu kusiza ekubeni kubhekene ngezindlela ezifanayo ekwenzeni nokuvumela isikhathi sokusebenza. Amasite ezwe laseYurophu kungabangani ukuthi kubhekene nezindlela zokuphepha zika-EN noma ukuthi kubhekene nezindlela zokuphepha zika-CE. Ukuplanisa lezi zindlela zokuphepha kuqala kusiza ukungafaka izinto ezingafanele ngemuva koka-kuqala kanye nokuthi kungavalelwa isikhathi sokusebenza, okusiza ukuthi umsebenzi wokugcina uhlale uyisilungelo, uyisibonelo, futhi uyasebenza ngokuphambuka ngokuphambuka kusukela kuqala kokusebenza.
Umbuzo
Ngaba ukuthenga kwesikrini kungasiza ukunciphisa izimali zezindawo zokugcina ngokuphelele?
Impendulo: Imifanekiso yezinkulungwane zokusebenzisa izikhumba zezinto ezizimele ziyasebenzisa izikhumba eziyisikwe kusuka emaphakathi futhi ziyagcinwa emhlabeni, okukhula isikhathi sokugcina nokusebenzisa abasebenzi ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokubuyisa. Kuphathwe umsebenzi otholakala ukuthi wabeka isikhathi sokugcina ngeminyaka engu-50% futhi abasebenzi ngeminyaka engu-40% ngaphansi kokusebenzisa izikhumba zezinto ezizimele. Kumaqondweni amahhala noma ama-“fast-track”, lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokugcina futhi kuvumela ukuthi imali yasebenzisana ibe yindlela yokusebenza. Ukugcina kwezikhumba kuvumela ukuthi kuhlelwe kakhulu ukunqamuka kwesikhumba sokucisha ngaphandle kokubuyisa kabusha noma ukuthi kubhekwe isikhathi eside.