Isilungiselelo Sesikhombisa Esinokwakha Isandu Esenziwe Ngokwehlanzini

Izindawo Zokukhupha Okwakwenzeka Ukuphinda Kabili Ukukhupha Isandu – Isifundo Sefakazi

Indawo yokuqeqeshwa kwe-granite eNingizimu ye-India iyaphakamisa isandu esikhanyayo, kodwa ubukhulu bakho babuyi kubalulekile. Indlela yokuphakama yasemthwakweni yayisikhathi sase-22%, ukulingana kwesandu sakho kusuka ku-8% ku-18%, futhi abaphakamisa ibhanki beyabuyisa izishishini. Isithuthi sisisebenzisa i-jaw ne-cone ngaphandle kokugcina okuthile okuhlanganisa amaqhina. Ngokubuyeza isithuthi ukuze kufakwe i-VSI crusher futhi kufakwe isistimu sokubuyela amanzi ngokuzinikela, indlela yokuphakama yasemthwakweni yasihlala ku-12%, ukulingana kwesandu kusihlala ku-12–14%, futhi isandu sibuyela kubona i-IS 383 Zone II specifications ngokuphelele. Ukuphakama kwesithuthi kakhulu ngokuphakama kwe-35%, futhi indawo yokuqeqeshwa yavumelana ngeziquketho zezibhanki ezintathu ezingcono zokuphakama kwe-concrete ngeminyaka emithathu.

Lokhu kukhona akukho okungathandakala. Ngeminyaka eyisithupha, abasayensi bokusebenzisa imithi bavukuzwa ukuthi izilimi zokwenza isandhi esenzelwe ngamathuba amathathu amakhubeka—ukubuyisela kwesithuthu sokwakhiwa, ukulawula kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuphelele, nokulawula kokuphatha kwelanga—zihlanganisa ukuthola ubukhulu obuhle kanye nokusebenza ngokwanele. Ukuzwa lezi zindima azikwazi kuphela ukwahlukanisa izinkambo; kunye nokwakha indawo yokwenza isandhi enobukhulu obuhle, enobugcino, nokunqoba.

Amathuba Amakhubeka – Izindima Ezintathu Ezingabagcwali

Izilimi eziphumelelayo zokwenza isandhi ziyasebenza ngamathuba amathathu amakhubeka: ukubuyisela kwesithuthu sokwakhiwa, ukulawula kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuphelele, nokulawula kokuphatha kwelanga. Lezi zizokubika ngokuphelele ubukhulu bokuphuma, ukusebenza ngokwanele, nokusebenza ngokuphelele.

Ukubuyisela Kwesithuthu Sokwakhiwa
Ukukhetha umkhakha wokuphinda kuyisibuko sesigaba. Kufanele kuphindeleke kuphela umkhakha ophakeme, okungabi nesithakazelo, nokuthi ukuthwasa kwakho kufanele kube ngaphezulu kuka-80 MPa—futhi akufanele kube nesikhundla sokuthwasa kwe-alkali-aggregate. I-limestone, i-granite, ne-basalt ziyizinto ezitholakele njengamathuba amahle. Umkhakha ongaphakeme noma owadlula isikhathi sobusuku sibiza izifuzo ezihlukahlukene futhi sibeka isibonelo sezinkundla zokusebenza kwe-concrete.

Ukubophezela Okuphelele Kwesigaba
Ngokuphela kokuthi umkhakha wokuphinda uwatholakile, isiqondiso sishintsha ekubophezelweni kwe-sigaba. Isigaba esihlanganisa ukuthwasa, ukuchaza, kanye nokuhlatha (uma kudingeka) sibeka isimo sokuthi isiphephelo sibe sakhiwe ngokuphelele, isigaba sokugradation sibe sikhululekile, futhi isigaba sokuthi siyisiphakade 0–5 mm sibonelela iziminyo eziningi. Ngokuhambisana nesand e-natural, i-manufactured sand ibeka umsebenzisi ngokuphelele ekubophezelweni kwe-size distribution futhi isula isibonelo sezinkundla zokuthwasa kwe-organic. I-artificial sand eya kubona ubukhulu kungenza ukuthi u-cement usebenze ngaphezulu kuka-15%, kubeka izimpilo nezindlela zokuthenga.

Ukubonga Umhlaba
Ukuziphatha ngokoyike kwezinhlelweni zokugcina izulu kuyisisekelo—akukho okungafanelekile. Amaphilansi amasha abhekene nezinhlelweni zokubuyisela amanzi ezinye, okuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kunezinhlelweni zokuvikela isithuthu sokufa okusobala ukuthi izimilo zokuhamba ziyagcina emizini yezinhlelweni zokugcina izulu. Uma ubunzima bezinkambu, ukulawula ukuphatha, nokugcina amanzi ngendlela ekhuselekileyo kubonakala kahle, umphumela uyisand noma isand ephakamisa ukuthi kubonakala kahle kunezinkambu zokwesekelwa kanye nokunciphisa indawo yokusebenza yokugcina izulu.

Ukukhetha i-Keysi Eziphakeme – Ukubonakala Kwamakhishini Nokuthi Kuyisibonelo Nezinhlelweni Zokuphatha

Ukukhetha umshini wokuphatha kufuna ukuthi kubhekane nendlela eyodwa yokuqondisa ngokwesibonelo esihlukene ngokwesibonelo sokukhula kwesithunzi, isayizi yayo, nokuthi kuyathini ukuthi kufanele kube yini isibonelo sesithunzi. Amashini okuphatha ngokwezinyawo ayasebenza njengamashini okuphatha okokuqala, akwazi ukuthabatha izinkundla eziphakeme kakhulu ku-1 m futhi ziyaphakama kusukela ku-100–200 mm; ukusebenzisa okuphatha ngokwezinyawo kwenza ukuthi kuzosha izinto ezinomthubi wokuphatha njenge-granite ngokuphelele. Amashini okuphatha ngokwezincwadi ayasebenza ngokuphelele ekuphatheni okwesibili wezinto ezikhulu kakhulu kuye nezintsha ezinomthubi wokuphatha, ziyadala amasithunzi okuphatha ngokwezincwadi ngokwezincwadi—ngokwesikhathi samandla amashini athile ayafika ku-8:1. Uma kufanele ukuthi isibonelo sesithunzi sibe yisithunzi esihle kakhulu—ikakhulu emazinkundleni e-concrete ephambili—amashini okuphatha ngokwezinyawo zokuphatha ngokwezinyawo (VSI) ayasebenza ngokwezinyawo zokuphatha ngokwezinyawo ukuze zidale amasithunzi okuphatha okuhle kakhulu, engeziflaki. Amashini okuphatha ngokwezinyawo zokuphatha ngokwezinyawo (HSI) ayathola amasithunzi okuphatha okuphelele kanye nokuthi kuyathini ukuthi kufanele kube yini isibonelo sesithunzi kumaqondo angcono kakhulu, amasithunzi angcono kakhulu okuphatha ngokwezinyawo njenge-limestone noma izinkundla ezilandelwe.

Isimo esisodwa sokugqamisa kuyizinto ezifanayo njengokuthatha isikhathi → ikono → i-VSI. Ukuguqula—njengokudala indawo yokuquketha okunye—kuqondwe lapho ubukhachilwe bekuphakeme noma ubukhachilwe bekuphakeme kufuna ukusika okuphezulu.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuwasha Ukufinyelela Ukuhlolwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwamanzi

Izikrini ezinyakazayo ezinemigqa eminingi ezinama-high-frequency drives nama-polyurethane mesh panels zihlukanisa impahla echotshoziwe ukuze ihlukanise ingxenye engu-05 mm ngokuthembekile, imelana nokumnyama ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme. Ukugeza ngesihlabathi kususa izinhlayiya ezincane ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kuka-75 μm.

Isithembiso esisodwa sibeka amaphakathi okusheka emaphakathi okuhlanganisa izinkampani, okuzosula nokuthintela isilayi; isiphetho sokuhlanganisa kubuyela kabusha emva kokuthintela ngokusebenzisa amaphakathi okuthintela, okunikeza ukubuyela kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi ngokuphakeme kwe-90%. Isiphetho sokuhlanganisa sibuka emaphakathi okugcina amanzi, okunika isandhi nesikhathi sokukhanya kwe-12–15%—sikhethekile kakhulu ukuba sibekwe emaphakathi. Izinhlangano zokugcina amanzi ezifanayo zokuhlanganisa izinkampani, amathikheni, namaphresi wokufiltara ziyabuyela amanzi ngaphezu kwe-95%, okukhupha ubungakanani bokugcina amanzi nobungakanani bokusebenza. Uma kufuneka kubhekwe kahle ukuguqula ukuguqula kwezindawo—ngokuphakeme kwezindawo zokuguqula kwe-150–600 µm—iziklasisayiya zezinye ziyakwenzela ukusebenza kwezindawo ngokuphelele.

Ukuguqula ngokwesithembiso sezinto—i-granite, i-river pebble, ne-concrete ephindwe kabusha

Ukudesigna kwezinhlangano zokuphatha isandla esikhulu kufanele sifanele kwezinkinga zezinto ezisemthwakini ukuze sicatshiselwe ukusebenza kahle, ubukhulu bekuprodukisa, nokuphila kwezinhlangano. Igranite, izinkolo zemfula, nezinkolo eziphinde kuzosha kuzokubonakala kakhulu ngokwezinkinga zokuphakama, ukuthi zibaleka kanjani, nokuthi zilungise kanjani izinkambu—okubhekisana ngqo ekukhetheni kwamashini okuphatha, ukulayishwa kwamashini okususa izinkambu, nokukhala kokuphakamisa amandla okuphakama.

I-granite (Mohs 6–7), enenani elikhulu le-silica, iba yizinto ezincane kakhulu ngokugqibela kokugcina. Kufuneka sebenzise indlela eyisithathu—jaw → cone → VSI—ukuthandaza izinto ezincane kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubili kwezinto, ukugcina ukubili kwezinto eziflathe kwenziwa ngaphezu kwe-15% ngokwesiqephu se-IS 383. Izinhlangano zokugcina amandla okuhlanza ziyidingekile kakhulu.

I-river pebble isibonelo esifanayo ngokujulile kakhulu kodwa sibonisa ukuthi isilica sibhakasha kakhulu (Abrasion Index 0.3), futhi kufuneka kubhekwe iziliner ezinamandla okubhakasha kwe-cone crushers ne-VSIs. Indlela eyombili yokugcina (jaw + cone/VSI) iyisibonelo esihlukene, futhi ukuscreena ngamandla okuhlanza kusobala ukuthi kubhekwe amandla okuhlanza.

I-recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) inenani elincane lejulile kodwa inenani elikhulu lezinto ezinamandla okubhakasha kanye nezinto ezingavumelekileyo ezivela ku-brick, ku-wood, kanye ne-steel. Amaphoyisa kufuneka ahlange izinhlangano zokuthintana ngamandla, izinhlangano zokuhlanza ngamandla, kanye ne-impact crushers ukukhupha izinto ezingavumelekileyo kanye nokuthuthukisa ubumbiko bezinto. Ngoba i-RCA iba yizinto eziflathe ngokugcina ngokuphepha kuphela, ukugcina ngokusebenzisa i-impact kuyisifundo esihlukene. Izinhlangano zokubuyela emuva kanye nokuguqula izinkinga zokugcina ziyathuthukisa ukuthi izinto zibe yizinhlangano ezifanele ukuthi zifanele nge-ASTM C33.

Ukuvumela Ukusebenza Kwaye Ukuthembeka Kwesifundo

Ukubhala Kwesikhathi Nokulawula Kwesikhumba
Ukubhala kwesikhathi kuchazwa ngamahora ngokulinganisa nesikhathi sokwakha; ukuguquka okungaphezulu kwe-8% kuyabiza ukuzulazula kwezinkimbinkimbi zokufaka noma isimo sezinto ezihlukene ekupheleni. Ukulawula kwezinkimbinkimbi—izinkimbinkimbi ephambana ngokugcina 75 µm—kuyisisekelo esibalulekile: ukunye kwezinkimbinkimbi eziphansi kakhulu kuyakhuthaza ukudla kwezilwane, ngakho-ke ukuncane kakhulu kuyathintela ukubhalwa kwezinkimbinkimbi. Abasemthethweni abaningi bafuna izinkimbinkimbi ezi-10–15% ukufa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa nokusebenza kahle.

Ukubulawa Kwesandhi Kwezinkokhelo
Isandhi kufanele isebenze ngokwesikhundla nezinhlobo zokuphatha eziyisifunda ku-IS 383 (Izoni II yezinkokhelo zokusebenza kweconcrete) ne-ASTM C33, okuzoba kuthi isandhi esincane kune-75 µm kufanele ibe phakathi kwe-3–5%. Ukuchaza kwesandhi ngokusebenzisa izihlangu zokuchaza nokuchaza izinhlobo zokuphatha kuyasebenza ukubonisa ukuthi isandhi isebenze ngokwesikhundla. Ukubulawa kwezinhlobo zokuphatha kwezindawo zokuvula kwe-crusher ngokuphatha kwezinhlobo zokuphatha kuyakusinika ukukhetha ukuthi kwenzeke ukunciphisa i-cement ngokuphakeme kwe-12% kwezinkokhelo zokusebenza kwe-concrete—okusinika indlela yokuthenga yokubulawa kwezinhlobo zokuphatha.

Ukubulawa Kwesandhi – Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesithu Sokuphatha

Ukufinyelela ukuthi iphakathi lezinto ezilungileyo, ukuthi kubhekene ngezinyathelo zonke zokuphambuka nokuphambuka emuva kwezinyathelo zokwenza isandhi esisodwa kumele kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha ukuthi kuyini umkhakha wokukhetha okuhle. Lokhu kufanele kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle kwemithombo yezinto ezingenziwe ngokusebenzisa izinkambo zokugqibela kwezinto ezilungileyo—lapho ukusakazela kwezinyathelo zokukhetha kufanele kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle. Ukuzwa kwe-BXKM kwemithombo yezinto ezilungileyo—kubekho ukuthi kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle, ukuthi kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle, nokuthi kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle—kufanele kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle, okufanele kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle, okufanele kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle. Ngokuzwa kwezinyathelo zokuphambuka kwemithombo yezinto ezilungileyo nokuphambuka emuva kwezinyathelo zokukhetha, i-BXKM iba yindlela yokuthi abasebenzi bakwazi ukufinyelela ukuthi kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle nokuthi kubhekene nesikhundla sokukhetha okuhle kwezinyathelo zonke zokuphambuka kwemithombo yezinto ezilungileyo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa